It is probable that, at the time it was built, your older building met all the building code requirements at the time it was originally constructed. In the absence of any recent renovations requiring upgrades to current building standards, it is also probable that your older building does not meet modern building standards and will not be required to meet them until such time that major restoration or renovation are made or become necessary.
Unknown to many commercial building insurance policyholders is an exclusion in their property insurance policy that allows the insurance company to refuse to pay the additional costs associated with performing required building code upgrade requirements at the time of loss.
For example, should lightning strike the older building and cause damage to a small part of the original electrical system, local building code ordinances and regulations may demand that a repair to that damage requires complete electrical re-wiring of the entire building to bring it up to the current standard. The exclusion in the business property insurance policy that denies coverage for complying with local ordinances and building codes would allow the insurance company to pay only for the repair of the damaged wiring and leave the more expensive code upgrade expenses to the policyholder.
If you own a commercial building that is twenty or more years old, I strongly suggest that you consult with your insurance agent or broker to determine if you have (or need to purchase) an endorsement to your policy that provides for the additional expense of enforced code upgrades to protect yourself from this added and significant expense to your loss.
Knob and tube electrical wiring was an early method of electrical wiring in buildings and was commonly used in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s. While it was replaced with other electrical wiring methods decades ago, home with energized knob and tube electrical wiring still exist.
Knob and tube wiring consists of single-insulated copper conductors run within wall or ceiling cavities, passing through studs and ceiling/floor joists through protective porcelain insulating tubes. The wires are supported along their length by porcelain knob insulators that have been nailed in place.
Knob and tube wiring runs at a higher temperature than modern wiring materials and requires a minimum of three inches of air space around the length of the wire. This requirement adds an additional challenge to home owners wishing to add insulation in order to increase the comfort and energy efficiency of their older home.
If you have knob and tube electrical wiring in your home and plan to add insulation, first have a qualified electrical contractor inspect your wiring to ensure that it is safe prior to adding insulation. Ensure that all connections are enclosed in appropriate protective boxes, that the wiring insulation is intact and in good condition and that it has not been modified in any manner since its original installation (addition of non-metalic sheathed cable wiring circuits, for example).
The next step, prior to insulating attics or floors where knob and tube wiring is present, is to identify and seal air leakage points. This is an important step that will maximize the efficiency of the insulation, extend its life and assist in providing a comfortable and healthier living space.
Do not insulate wall cavities containing knob and tube wiring.
Knob and tube wiring in attics may be isolated by building a barricade around it with R-30 unfaced batts. Ensure that the batts are at least three inches away from the knob and tube wiring.
While the presence of the older knob an tube wiring does not, in itself, violate national electric codes (though some regions forbid it), the best solution for knob and tube wiring is to replace it, if economically possible.
I’m sure that there are electrical contractors and weatherization folks who could add much to this topic and I hope they will chime in. Home owners should always consult a professional electrical contractor prior to adding insulation in the presence of knob and tube electrical wiring.
First, what is a “soft” home inspection report – and how can it harm?
Many home inspectors who inspect homes for real estate transactions will build their businesses upon the hope of referrals from real estate salespeople to stay in business. Since real estate salespeople make no money until a home sells, some inspectors feel compelled to assist them in selling the house they inspect to gain future referrals. To do this, they ensure that their inspection reports do not “alarm” the prospective home buyer or interfere with the home’s sale – with the expectation of gaining favor with the sales agent.
The result is a “soft” report that is of no value to the home buyer and potentially harmful. A “soft” report could result in a buyer being deprived of essential information and a decision to buy a house, which can lead to a severe economic loss.
The following are a few standard methods used by some home inspectors to “soften” their home inspection reports:
“Balancing” the Report
The most common method used to “soften” a home inspection report is to add “positive” things about the home that would be attractive to the buyer. Some inspectors have told me that they strive to include one positive feature of the house for every material defect they find to “balance” the information.
Most experienced and professional home inspectors, however, already consider that their clients have found features of the home that attract them, or they would not have agreed to purchase it. Professional inspectors know that they are hired to describe the home’s actual condition and report material defects that could affect the health or safety of its occupants as well as the sustainability of the structure.
They will perform this service by providing a home inspection report that is complete, accurate, and unbiased.
Sandwiching information about hazardous or defective conditions between flowery comments is not the proper way to write a home inspection report.
“It Wasn’t in the Code Book, BackThen “
Another common technique used to minimize a material defect in the mind of a potential buyer is for the inspector or real estate salesperson to point out a severe material defect in the home but then infer or suggest that it is somehow more acceptable since the correct installation was not required by the code or building standards at the time the house was built.
Any defect that could physically harm the structure or its occupants is severe – no matter when it became part of the house – and should be addressed. A home inspector’s job is to bring to his client’s attention every such issue he observes and recommend correcting it. It is not his job to make excuses for its presence.
Understanding that building codes are simply basic minimum standards of which anything less is illegal … the fact that something harmful may or may not have met the code when it was built has no relevance to the owner today.
Estimates
Another way that an inspector can take the “sting” out of a material defect to “soften” a report is to include an estimate of repair to help the prospective buyer apply what is called “context” to the defect. This is not common to most home inspection reports, but it sometimes happens.
It is dangerous for the inspector and the homebuyer to make purchasing decisions based on an inspector’s estimates. Many state laws and all standards of practice discourage inspectors from providing repair or replacement estimates.
Estimates can only be accurately provided by a person or business currently doing the work and aware of the present costs of materials and labor associated with the project. They will often find undiscovered issues that affect the project’s cost once the job has begun. Many contracting companies employ professional estimators who are trained and current in providing them.
“I am not an Alarmist.”
Watch for these code words that home inspectors use to alert interested real estate salesmen that they will write a “soft” home inspection report in exchange for future referrals … something that one court referred to in one recent lawsuit as “consumer fraud.”
Among some home inspectors and the real estate agents they work with is an “understanding” that first-time home buyers are sometimes easy to frighten or “alarm” when they learn of imperfections with a house they intend to buy. Some home inspectors address this as they solicit referrals from real estate agents by advertising themselves as friendly to first-time home buyers and providing an assurance that they do not “alarm” them in the manner that they describe defects in their reports.
Learn more about the destructive results of this act of “consumer fraud” … from this lawsuit (click here) … that resulted from a soft home inspection report given to a first-time homebuyer who got burned.
“Free” Warranties and ”Guaranteed Buy Back” Offers
It makes sense for a real estate salesperson to want to take some of the worries out of taking a chance on a new home. Many will encourage or enhance the sale by providing “home warranty services” that may or may not cover items that stop working when the new homeowner takes over the property. Some will offer to buy the house if they can’t sell it … or “buy the house back” if you don’t like it, with (of course) a long list of certain disqualifying conditions.
While most home inspectors are careful to inform their clients that they are not providing or implying a guarantee or warranty through their inspection reports, many will want to impress real estate salespeople with the appearance of assisting them in providing an incentive to buy. Accordingly, they will purchase “90-Day Home Warranties” or provide “Guarantees” that are supposed to cover selected systems within the home against defects for a meager cost ($5 to $15) and will give them to their clients with paid home inspections.
These low-cost service contracts promising high-end payouts are a common source of complaints with state-level consumer advocacy offices (attorney general, BBB, etc.) and should be carefully scrutinized. Even when they appear to be provided “free of charge,” reliance upon them when deciding to buy a home can be extremely costly.
In addition to the exclusion-laden free “warranty” is the recent promotion where some home inspectors offer to “buy back your house” if they miss a defect in their report. If you believe your home inspector can afford to “buy back” every house he inspects, charging his $300-ish inspection fee, then take comfort in his offer when deciding to buy a home. If, however, you are suspicious as to why he will NOT promise to pay to replace the broken water heater he failed to detect for $500 but is willing to “guarantee” to buy back the house for $300,000.00, instead … look carefully at the hundreds of exclusions that assure that no such transaction can ever take place.
When the home inspector, hired to report things that might be wrong with the house, begins providing “free” incentives to help the potential buyer decide to purchase the home (by addressing future recalls of appliances or “free warranties” should things break), this could indicate that someone other than the home buyers’ interests is being considered.
The use of these so-called “warranties,” along with other gimmicks (such as ongoing updates on the recall status of appliances, alarm system evaluations, etc.), assist home inspectors who wish to solicit additional referrals from real estate salespeople to help the sales agent advance a presumption that the prospective buyer will decide to buy the house. They also create an illusion that future breakdowns will be covered at someone else’s expense. Carefully read these “warranties” and “guarantees” to ensure they provide the intended coverage. Many don’t.
While these gimmicks have little to do with reporting the present condition of the home … they can go a long way in helping a sales agent create a mindset of “ownership” that advances the sale of the house. This is why some inspectors, according to their conversations in private sections of professional forums, promote their use as “marketing tools” to solicit more real estate agent referrals. “Agents love them” is a mantra for those who promote them. One vendor who sells the “We will buy back your house if we miss something” goes as far as to promise participating home inspectors that “every” real estate agent he solicits will provide him with “every” client they serve as a referral. Some home inspectors believe this and are willing to take a shot.
Homebuyers should ensure that the company that is representing these service contracts is correctly registered with their state and should not hesitate to hold the inspector that provided it to them responsible for the provider’s failure to perform under the contract – since it is offered as a part of the home inspection service that they paid for. Here is a lawsuit where the home-buying victims of a “soft” home inspection report with a 90-day warranty did precisely that … (click here). A “We will buy your house back” guarantee would also exclude the conditions described by the duped homeowners in this suit.
Caveat emptor.
What Should You Do (and NOT Do)?
Do your best to seek an experienced, full-time, and certified inspector, but be aware that even highly skilled and “credentialed” home inspectors can still be found to participate in writing soft reports or using gimmicks in return for future referrals.
While I know some excellent home inspectors who have scaled down their businesses for distinct reasons and continue to do quality inspections on a part-time basis … I know many others who have yet to reach a level of skill and expertise upon which they can confidently rely upon or fully commit themselves to be a home inspector on a full-time basis — yet these inspectors somehow expect others to place confidence in that level of skill and expertise to such a degree as to rely upon them to make the most significant single purchase that many are likely to ever make in their entire life.
Use the internet to do your research. If you prefer someone to refer an inspector to you, seek advice from friends or family who have had firsthand experiences with professional home inspectors.
Be skeptical of referrals for home inspectors from real estate agents or anyone with a financial interest or standing to gain from the home sale. Home inspector referrals often come in the form of lists containing the names of inspectors known to the listing provider to write soft reports or simply a list of inspectors willing to pay the real estate broker or agent a fee to appear on their referral list. Suppose one chooses to rely upon the recommendation of a real estate salesperson for a home inspector, and they provide a list of inspectors that they prefer to have a home buyer work with. In that case, it is not a good idea to go through the list simply searching for the inspector with the lowest fee.
Instead, homebuyers should seek information about the inspector’s qualifications, length of experience, certifications, and whether or not the inspector is committed to business full-time since some only perform inspections sporadically “on the side” from their other full-time job. When a home inspector adds a “free” gimmick to an inspection report, such as a 90-day “warranty,” he should be asked how he has concluded that the buyer has decided to proceed with the purchase before reading his inspection report.
He should also be asked why he would be involved in matters regarding future performance or appliance recalls in a home, which he alleges his report to be exempt from. Using these selection criteria, the best inspectors will stand out quite readily. Still, one should remember the “code words” when reviewing his advertising and reports.
